Which constitutional design did Montesquieu advocate?

• A. The separation of powers into distinct branches to prevent tyranny.
• B. A centralized absolute empire.
• C. Direct democracy with frequent referendums.
• D. A theocratic state.

Answer: (A)

Montesquieu’s idea is to organize government so power is not allowed to pile up in one place. He argued that liberty is safest when power is divided into separate branches with distinct duties, and when those branches keep an eye on each other. By distributing lawmaking, law enforcement, and judging among different bodies, no single part can run roughshod over the others, and each can limit abuses by the others. This system of checks and balances is what helps prevent tyranny and protects political freedom. His influence is clear in many modern constitutional designs that aim for a balanced structure rather than centralized control.

The other options don’t fit this aim. A centralized absolute empire concentrates authority in one ruler or institution, which Montesquieu argued would threaten liberty. A government that relies on direct democracy with frequent referendums emphasizes direct popular rule rather than the division of powers and mutual checks. A theocratic state centers authority in religious leadership, blending church and state instead of separating secular powers into independent branches.